Revision Notes on Stars and the Solar System
Celestial Body
the sun, the moon, the stars and the planets in our solar system all are called celestial objects
Astronomy
Astronomy is the study of the celestial objects and the phenomena associated with them. It is said to be one of the oldest Sciences in the world.
It is associated with the study of the evolution of the universe, the motion of the celestial objects and their formation.
The Moon
We know that the moon is a natural satellite of the earth that revolves around the earth in a fixed orbit.
Just like the earth other planets of the solar system also have their own moons or natural satellites.
Also, the moon does not emit any light of its own but it reflects the light of the sun that falls on it.
However, as the moon revolves around the earth the part of the Moon that faces the sun gets to light up while the other part remains in dark.
This results in different shapes of the moon in the sky.
These shapes of the lit part of the Moon are called the ‘Phases of the Moon
The Phases of the Moon
The phases of the moon repeat themselves after every 29 days and there are eight major moon phases.
The day when we can see the whole moon in the sky is called a ‘Full Moon Day’. On this day this sunlight falls all over the moon.
Now as the moon revolves and changes its position, the part which receives sunlight starts to decrease and the moon appears as if it is getting thinner.
On the 15th day after a Full Moon, the moon becomes completely invisible as no light of the sun falls over it due to its position behind the Earth. This is called a ‘New Moon Day’.
Blue moon
Generally there occurs one New Moon every month. However, at times, there can be two new moons in a single month. The second New Moon in a month is called the Blue Moon.
The phases of the Moon hold an importance in the Indian society and culture as different festivals in India are celebrated depending upon the Phases of the Moon
The surface of the Moon
The surface of the Moon is barren and all covered with dust.
There are Craters or bowl-shaped cavities present on the surface of the Moon.
There are steep and high mountains present in huge numbers on the Moon.
Some of the mountains are as high as the highest mountains found on the earth.
There is no presence of water and atmosphere on the moon
Can we hear sound on the Moon?
There is no atmosphere on the Moon that is, no gases are present on the Moon that could act as a medium for the propagation of sound. Hence, the astronauts of the Moon cannot hear each other.
They generally use signs or microphones to communicate with each other.
Who was the first Astronaut to land on the moon?
Neil Armstrong was the first person to land on the moon followed by another Astronaut Edwin Aldrin. Neil Armstrong landed on the moon on July 21 1969.
What is a lunar eclipse?
The lunar eclipse occurs when the moon, the Earth and the Sun are very closely aligned with each other and the earth is present exactly in the middle of the moon and the sun.
Hence, the shadow of the earth falls upon the moon.
Therefore during the lunar eclipse, the moon does not reflect light of the sun but the light that it receives from the earth.
As a result, the moon appears reddish in colour during a lunar eclipse.
The Stars
- The stars are celestial bodies comprising of hot gases (mainly helium and hydrogen).
- All the stars emit their own light.
- All the stars are not the same. They may vary in brightness, size, colours and temperature.
- They are massive in size however they appear as a point-sized object from the Earth’s surface.
- This is so because they are at a huge distance from the earth.
- Stars have a life period. They take millions of years to born and live for tens of millions of years and eventually come to an end. Due to their long lifespan, the changes in the stars are not very sudden. Hence, they appear as permanent to us.
Figure 5 There are millions of stars in the universe
Why do stars twinkle?
Stars emit light that when enters the earth surface has to travel through the several layers of the earth’s atmosphere. Hence, it appears that the light is travelling in a zig-zag motion due to the change in densities of the earth’s atmosphere and the density of the space. Therefore, it appears to us as if the stars are twinkling.
Why Sun is a Star?
- The sun is also a star because the sun can produce heat and light energy on its own.
- The sun has a life period just like every other star.
- The sun is estimated to be born around 5 billion years ago and would live for the next 5 billion years.
Distance between the Sun and the Earth
- The sun does not appear as a point-sized object like other stars because the sun is at a close distance to the earth as compared to other stars.
- The distance between the Earth and the Sun is estimated to be 150,000,000 km.
- The star that is closer to the Earth, after the sun, is called Alpha Centauri. The distance between the Earth and the Alpha Centauri is estimated to be 40,000,000,000,000 km.
Light Year
- The distance between celestial objects is described in light years.
- A light year, as the name suggests, is the total distance light travels in 1 year’s time.
- The speed of light = 300,000 km per second
- The distance between the sun and the earth = 8 light minutes
- The distance between Alpha Centauri and the earth = 4.3 light years
Why are stars invisible during the daytime?
Stars are present in the sky during the day as well as night time. However, during the daytime, the sunlight is so bright that it becomes difficult to locate stars in the sky.
Can stars change their positions?
If we observe a star or a group of stars for some hours their position appears to change. This is because of the motion of the earth. The earth keeps on revolving around the sun and hence changes its position with respect to the stars.
Why stars appear moving from east to west?
The rotation of the Earth takes place in a direction from west to east. To us, it appears as if the earth is still and the sky is moving from east to west direction. However, it is not true. Also, this is the same reason why the sun appears to rise from the east and set in the west.
The significance of the Pole Star
The pole star also called as Polaris is situated close to the earth’s axis of rotation. As a result, the position of the pole star appears to be fixed. This is unlike the other stars as their position keeps on changing with respect to the earth.
Figure 6 Pole Star
Constellations
- A constellation is described as a group of stars that form a recognizable shape or pattern.
- Ancient people used constellations as a way to recognise the stars.
- The shape of the constellations generally resembles with objects that ancient people used.
- There are not only 5 to 10 stars in a constellation. A constellation comprises of several stars but only some of them which are the brightest can be viewed.
- The stars that make up a constellation are found in the same line of sight; however the distance between these stars is not the same.
Figure 7 A constellation
Major Constellations
1. Ursa Major or the Great Bear or Saptarishi or the Big Dipper
- This constellation comprises of seven major stars.
- These stars form the shape of a big question mark or a ladle.
- The handle of the ladle is made by joining the 3 stars in a row and the remaining four stars are in the shape of the bowl of the ladle.
Figure 8 Ursa Major
Significance of Saptarishi
The seven stars in the Ursa Major constellation are believed to signify seven saints according to the Indian mythology. These seven Saints are believed to preserve the knowledge of the Vedas that they propagate to people in every new age.
Figure 9 Saptarishi
How can we locate pole star using Ursa Major?
Figure 10 Locating Pole Star using Ursa Major
- The Ursa Major constellation includes two stars called Merak and Dubhe.
- If we draw an imaginary line from Merak to Dubhe and extended further in the same direction the first bright star that we would come across is the pole star.
- The pole star is located above the northern hemisphere and hence it cannot be seen through the southern hemisphere.
- Similarly, many constellations of the northern hemisphere can’t be located from different points of the southern hemisphere.
2. Orion or the Hunter
Figure 11 Orion
- It is one of the most magnificent constellations of the sky.
- It comprises of 7 or 8 bright stars.
- There are three stars in the middle that appear as the belt of a hunter.
- The remaining four stars are arranged in the form of a quadrilateral.
Sirius Star
Figure 12 Locating Sirius Star using Orion
- The Sirius Star is the brightest star of the sky.
- It can be located with the help of the Orion constellation.
- If we draw an imaginary line through the three stars in the middle of the Orion and extended further we will reach the brightest star, Sirius.
3. Cassiopeia
Figure 13 Cassiopeia
- It is a constellation found in the Northern hemisphere and can be located in the sky during the winter season at the beginning of the night.
- The shape of this constellation resembles with a W or a distorted M.
- The name of this constellation was given after queen Cassiopeia in Greek mythology.
4. Leo Major
Figure 14 Leo Major
- It consists of several bright stars and that is why it can be easily located in the sky.
- It can be viewed from the Northern hemisphere (January to June) as well as Southern hemispheres (summer and autumn).
- The Leo appears upside down from the southern hemisphere.
- It is one of the oldest constellations that were recognised almost 6000 years ago.
- This constellation signifies the Adventures of Hercules.
The Solar System
Figure 15 The Solar System
- The Solar System comprises the sun, the planets, asteroids, meteors and other celestial bodies.
- There is a gravitational attraction between the sun and the celestial objects that keep them revolving around the sun.
- The sun acts as the main source of heat and light energy for all the planets in the solar system.
The Planets
Figure 16 the Planets
- Our solar system comprises of 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The planets do not have their own light. They can reflect the light of the sun that falls upon them.
- The planets revolve around the sun in a fixed path called
- The period of revolution of a planet is the time that it takes to complete one revolution around the sun. As the distance between the sun and the planets increases the period of revolution of that planet also increases.
- All the planets also revolve around their own axis. The time of rotation of a particular planet is defined as the time it takes to complete one rotation.
- The planets have satellites or celestial objects that revolve around them.
- For example, the moon is a natural satellite of the earth. However, there are different artificial satellites also that revolve around a planet.
Why do planets not fall into the sun?
We know that the sun exerts a gravitational force on all the planets. But they do not fall into the sun because they are also revolving around the sun in a fixed path. This revolution prevents them from falling off into the sun.
Mercury
- It is the planet that lies closest to the sun.
- It is the smallest of all the planets.
- It is difficult to observe Mercury because it hides in the glare of the sun.
- Therefore it can only be observed or viewed in the sky just before the sunset or before the sunrise.
- It has no natural satellite of its own.
Venus
- It is the brightest planet.
- It can sometimes be viewed in the eastern sky before the time of the Sunrise or in the western sky before the sunset. Hence it is often called morning or evening star.
- It has no natural satellite of its own.
- Venus rotates from east to west, unlike the Earth which rotates from west to east.
- Venus also shows phases just like the moon.
Earth
- Life exists only on earth.
- The earth has favourable environmental conditions such as the presence of atmosphere and water that enable the existence of life on the earth.
- The temperature conditions of the Earth are also favourable for the existence of life because it is at a perfect distance from the sun.
- The earth possesses tilted axis which results in changing of seasons on the earth.
- The earth is covered with water naturally and therefore appears bluish-green when viewed from the space. The earth possesses its own natural satellite – the moon.
Orbital and Equatorial Plane of the Earth
Figure 17 Earth rotates on tilted axis
Orbital Plane of the Earth
We know that earth revolves around the Sun in an orbit. The plane in which it revolves around the Sun is called its orbital plane.
Equatorial Plane of the Earth
The Equator is an imaginary line drawn from the middle of the earth. The plane of the equator is called the equatorial plane.
The equatorial plane and the orbital plane of the earth are inclined at an angle of 23.5o. Hence, the axis of the earth is tilted at an angle of 66.5o to the orbital plane.
Figure 18 Change in Seasons Due to Earth’s tilted axis
Mars
- It is called the red planet because it has a reddish colour.
- It has two moons of its own.
What is Mangalyaan?
Mangalyaan is an Orbiter launched by ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) that orbits around Mars. It was launched in November 2013 and was placed in its orbit around the Mars in September 2014 successfully. India is the first country that could place an orbital in its orbit in the first attempt.
Jupiter
- It is the largest planet in the solar system. It can comprise of 1300 Earth-like planets.
- It does not have high mass as compared to its size. The mass of the Jupiter is almost 318 times of the mass of the earth.
- The rotation time of Jupiter is small around 9 hours 55 minutes.
- Jupiter has many moons out of which 4 large moons can be viewed from the earth with the help of a telescope.
- Jupiter has thin rings around it.
Saturn
- Saturn has thick rings around it that can be easily viewed with naked eyes.
- It has 30 natural satellites of its own.
- The density of Saturn is less than that of water making it the least dense Planet of the solar system.
Uranus
- Just like Venus, Uranus rotates from east to west.
- It has 21 natural satellites.
- The rotation axis of Uranus is highly tilted.
- The atmosphere of Uranus comprises hydrogen and methane gas mainly.
Neptune
- It is the farthest planet from the sun hence it takes the most time to revolve around the sun.
- It has 8 natural satellites of its own.
Figure 19 Period of Rotation, Revolution and Distance of all the Planets
Inner and Outer Planets
The first four planets of the solar system are called inner planets. These planets have few moons of their own.
The planets after Mars are called outer planets of the solar system. All these planets have a ring system around them and possess a large number of moons.
What are the differences between stars and planets?
Figure 20 Differences between stars and planets
Other Members of the Solar System
Asteroids
Figure 21 Asteroids in Space
- Like other planets, there are certain celestial bodies that are found in the solar system. Asteroids are small rock-like objects that are found orbiting the sun.
- They are generally found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This region is also called the Asteroid belt. However, asteroids can also be found in other places in the solar system.
Figure 22 Asteroid Belt
Comet
Figure 23 A comet
- Comets are big pieces of ice and rock that also revolve around the sun in elliptical shaped orbits.
- Comets are the leftover pieces of rocks that were formed at the time when the solar system was beginning its formation.
- Comets are often observed to have a tail. This tail appears as a comet approaches the sun.
- At that time, dust and gas are discharged from the comet due to the heat of the sun. Since the comet is approaching the sun, the tail of the comet is always in the opposite direction of the sun.
- As the distance between the sun and the comet increases the size of the tail of the comet also increases.
- Since comets revolve around the sun they can be viewed at periodic times from the Earth.
- For example, Halley’s Comet appears after every 76 years. It was last viewed in 1986.
Meteoroids and Meteors
Figure 24 A meteoroid approaching Earth
- The asteroids in the space sometimes collide with each other and form meteoroids. Hence the small pieces of an asteroid can be called as meteoroids.
- From these meteoroids, meteors are formed.
- When a meteoroid enters the atmosphere of the Earth it appears as a streak of light in the sky or a meteor. The Meteors generally have high speed as they enter the atmosphere. Thus, they get heated up due to the friction of the atmosphere.
- Hence the meteors light up as a streak of light. However, they get evaporated in the sky before reaching the Earth’s surface and this streak of light is therefore visible for a short time span only.
- Meteors are also called shooting stars because of their characteristic feature however they are not stars but just a piece of rock.
Figure 25 A meteor is the sky
Meteor Shower
Figure 26 Meteor Shower
When the earth crosses a comet’s tail a large number of flying meteors can be observed in the sky. This is called a Meteor shower. Certain meteor showers occur periodically in the sky.
Artificial satellites
Figure 27 Artificial Satellite
These are the man-made satellites that are sent out into space to revolve around the earth. They orbit nearer to the earth as compared to the moon. Functions of artificial satellites:
- Weather forecasting
- Transmission of signals of radio and television
- Remote-sensing – acquiring information about an object from a distance, for example, the artificial satellite can acquire information about the earth from a distance
- Telecommunication – transmission of information by means of radio signals and electromagnetic systems.
Some Indian Artificial Satellites of the Earth:
- Aryabhata
- INSAT
- IRS
- Kalpana-1
- EDUSAT
How artificial satellite is different from a natural satellite?
Artificial SatellitesNatural Satellites
They are formed and controlled by humans.
They are formed naturally.
They are not permanent.
They are permanent.
They can be used to send and receive signals from the earth.
They cannot be used for the purpose of communication or sending signals from the earth.
Figure 28 Natural Satellites of the solar system
100 Golden Rules of English Grammar For Error Detection and sentence improvement
A. SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT
.1 Two or more Singular Subjects connected by and usually take a Verb in the Plural.
For example,
Incorrect- Hari and Ram is here.
Correct- Hari and Ram are here.
2. If two Singular Nouns refer to the same person or thing, the Verb must be Singular.
Incorrect- The Secretary and Principal are coming.
Correct- The Secretary and Principal is coming.
(Here the same person is .Secretary as well as Principal)
3. If the Singular Subjects are preceded by each or every, the Verb is usually Singular.
For example,
Incorrect- Every boy and girl were ready.
Correct- Every boy and girl was ready.
4. Two or more Singular Subjects connected by or, nor, either ….. or, neither …. nor take a Verb in the Singular.
For example,
Incorrect- Neither he nor I were there.
Correct- Neither he nor I was there.
5. When the Subjects joined by ‘or/nor are of different numbers, the Verb must be Plural, and the Plural Subject must be placed next to the Verb.
For example,
lncorrect- Neither the Assistant Masters nor the Headmaster was present.
Correct- Neither the Headmaster nor the Assistant Masters were
present. ‘
6. When the Subjects joined by or, nor are of different persons, the Verb agrees in person with the one nearest to it.
For example,
Incorrect- Either he or I is mistaken.
Correct- Either he or I, am mistaken.
7. A Collective Noun takes a Singular Verb when the collection is thought of as a whole, a Plural Verb when the individuals of which it is composed are thought of.
For example,
Correct- The Council has chosen the President.
Correct- The military were called out.
8. Some Nouns which are singular in form but plural in meaning, take a Plural Verb.
For example,
Incorrect- Mathematics are a branch of study in every school.
Correct- Mathematics is a branch of study in every school.
9.Words joined to a Singular Subject by with, together with, in addition to, or, as well as, etc. are parenthetical, and therefore do not affect the number of the Verb.
For example,
Incorrect- The Chief, with all his men, were massacred .• Correct-The chief, with all his men, was massacred.
10. When the Subject of the Verb is a Relative Pronoun care should be taken to see that the Verb agrees in Number and Person with the Antecedent of the relative.
For example,
Incorrect- I, who is your friend, . will guard you,r interests.
Correct- I, who am your friend will guard your interests.
B. USES OF PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES
11.Ask, advise, allow, command, force, forbid, invite, encourage, compel, beg, order•, imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell, require, remind, teach, etc. are followed by Object + To +V2
For example,
Incorrect- He advised to do it by me.
Correct- He advised me to do it. But if these are used in Passive Voice, then they are followed by To +V,.
For example,
Correct- She was permitted to go with him
.12 Know is followed by how/ where/when/why and Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I know to write a letter.
Correct- I know how to write a letter.
13. After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make etc. we use Bare-Infinitive and not To-infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I heard him to speak on several subjects.
Correct- I heard him speak on several subjects.
13. After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make etc. we use Bare-Infinitive and not To-infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I heard him to speak on several subjects.
Correct- I heard him speak on several subjects.
14. Bare Infinitive is used after Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, dare not, need not).
For example,
Incorrect- You need not to work hard.
Correct- You need not work hard.
15. Had better, had rather,had as soon … as … , had sooner etc. are fol-lowed by Bare Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- He had better to go now.
Correct- He had better go now. 16. Conjunction than is also fol¬lowed by Bare Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- He had better read than to write.
Correct- He had better read than write.
17. When but is used as a Preposition and preceded by any form of the Verb do, then but is followed with Bare Infinitive.
Incorrect- He did nothing but to wander.
Correct- He did nothing but wander.
18. Every Participile must have a Subject of Reference.
For example,
Incorrect- Being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at home.
Correct- It being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at home.
19. For completed action Having + Va is used in Active Voice, whereas Having + been + Va or Being + Va is used in Passive Voice. After should not be used in such a sentence.
For example,
Incorrect- After the leader having been killed, the followers ran away.
Correct- The leader having been killed, the followers ran away.
20. Participles like considering, judging, referring, concerning, regarding, viewing, broadly speaking etc. do not take any Subject of Reference.
For example,
Correct – Considering the case, I took the decision.
Here I is not a Subject of Reference of considering. So, there is no Subject of Reference for ‘considering, still the sentence is correct
C. USES OF VERBS
21. When there are two Subjects in a sentence and they are not in the same Number, then we must have to use separate Auxiliaries (is, are, am, was, were, have, has) for both of them.
For example,
Incorrect- Three- killed and one were injured.
Correct- Three were killed and one was injured.
22. A single Verb should be made to serve two Subjects, only when the form of Verb is same for both the subjects.
Incorrect- I am seventeen years old and my sister fourteen.
Correct- I am seventeen years old and my sister is fourteen.
23. Two auxiliaries can be used with one principal Verb, only when the form of the principal Verb is appropriate to both the auxiliaries. ‘
Incorrect- He never has, and never will take such strong measures.
Correct- He never has taken, and never will take such strong measures.
24. When there is only one auxiliary to two principal Verbs it should be correctly associated with the both.
Incorrect- Ten candidates have passed one failed.
Correct- Ten candidates have passed, one has failed
25. A Past Tense in the main clause should be followed by a Past Tense in the subordinate clause.
Incorrect- He succeeded because he works hard.
Correct- He succeeded because he worked hard
Deep Desire
कक्षा:-10 भारत में राष्ट्रवाद
प्रश्न:- 1 रोलेट एक्ट से भारतीय नाराज क्यों थे?
रोलेट एक्ट 1919 में पेश किया गया था।इस अधिनियम को इंपीरियल विधान परिषद के माध्यम से जल्दी से पारित किया गया था, हालांकि इसका भारतीय सदस्यों द्वारा पूरी तरह से विरोध किया गया था।इसने सरकार को राजनीतिक गतिविधियों को दबाने के लिए भारी अधिकार दिए थे।इसने दो साल तक बिना मुकदमे के राजनीतिक कैदियों को हिरासत में रखने की अनुमति दी।
प्रश्न:-2 गांधीजी ने असहयोग आंदोलन वापस लेने का निर्णय क्यों लिया?
फरवरी 1922 में, महात्मा गांधी ने असहयोग आंदोलन वापस लेने का फैसला किया। उन्होंने महसूस किया कि आंदोलन कई जगहों पर हिंसक हो रहा था और सत्याग्रहियों को बड़े पैमाने पर संघर्षों के लिए तैयार होने से पहले ठीक से प्रशिक्षित करने की आवश्यकता थी।
प्रश्न:-3 . सत्याग्रह के विचार का क्या अर्थ है?
सत्याग्रह के विचार ने सत्य की शक्ति और सत्य की खोज की आवश्यकता पर बल दिया। इसने सुझाव दिया कि यदि कारण सही था, यदि संघर्ष अन्याय के खिलाफ था, तो अत्याचारी से लड़ने के लिए शारीरिक बल की आवश्यकता नहीं थी। प्रतिशोध या आक्रामक हुए बिना, एक सत्याग्रही अहिंसा के माध्यम से लड़ाई जीत सकता था। यह उत्पीड़क की अंतरात्मा से अपील करके किया जा सकता है। लोगों को – उत्पीड़कों सहित – को हिंसा के माध्यम से सच्चाई को स्वीकार करने के लिए मजबूर करने के बजाय सच्चाई को देखने के लिए राजी करना पड़ा। इस संघर्ष से अंतत: सत्य की जीत होनी ही थी। महात्मा गांधी का मानना था कि अहिंसा का यह धर्म सभी भारतीयों को एक कर सकता है।
प्रश्न:-4 समाचार-पत्र की रिपोर्ट लिखिए
a) जलियांवाला बाग हत्याकांड
13 अप्रैल को कुख्यात जलियांवाला बाग कांड हुआ। उस दिन जलियांवाला बाग के परिबद्ध मैदान में भारी भीड़ जमा थी। कुछ सरकार के नए दमनकारी उपायों के विरोध में आए। अन्य लोग वार्षिक बैसाखी मेले में शामिल होने आए थे। शहर के बाहर से होने के कारण, कई ग्रामीण लगाए गए मार्शल लॉ से अनजान थे। डायर ने क्षेत्र में प्रवेश किया, बाहर निकलने के रास्ते को अवरुद्ध कर दिया और भीड़ पर गोलियां चलाईं, जिसमें सैकड़ों लोग मारे गए। उनका उद्देश्य, जैसा कि उन्होंने बाद में घोषित किया, सत्याग्रहियों के मन में ‘नैतिक प्रभाव पैदा करना’ था। इस घटना से लोगों में दहशत और खौफ का माहौल है
b) साइमन कमीशन
1928 में जब साइमन कमीशन भारत आया तो उसका स्वागत ‘साइमन वापस जाओ’ के नारे के साथ किया गया। कांग्रेस और मुस्लिम लीग सहित सभी दलों ने प्रदर्शनों में भाग लिया। उनका दिल जीतने के प्रयास में, वायसराय, लॉर्ड इरविन ने अक्टूबर 1929 में एक अनिर्दिष्ट भविष्य में भारत के लिए ‘डोमिनियन स्टेटस’ की एक अस्पष्ट पेशकश और भविष्य के संविधान पर चर्चा करने के लिए एक गोलमेज सम्मेलन की घोषणा की। इससे कांग्रेसी नेता संतुष्ट नहीं हुए।
प्रश्न:- 5 1921 के असहयोग आंदोलन में शामिल होने वाले सभी विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों की सूची बनाएं। फिर किन्हीं तीन को चुनें और उनकी आशाओं और संघर्षों के बारे में लिखें कि वे आंदोलन में क्यों शामिल हुए।
नीचे विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों की सूची दी गई है जो असहयोग आंदोलन और उनके संघर्षों में शामिल हुए।
शहरों में मध्यम वर्ग की भागीदारी
हजारों छात्रों ने सरकारी-नियंत्रित स्कूलों और कॉलेजों को छोड़ दिया, प्रधानाध्यापकों और शिक्षकों ने इस्तीफा दे दिया, और वकीलों ने अपनी कानूनी प्रथाओं को छोड़ दिया। मद्रास को छोड़कर, अधिकांश प्रांतों में परिषद के चुनावों का बहिष्कार किया गया था, जहाँ गैर-ब्राह्मणों की पार्टी जस्टिस पार्टी ने महसूस किया कि परिषद में प्रवेश करना कुछ शक्ति हासिल करने का एक तरीका था – कुछ ऐसा जो आमतौर पर केवल ब्राह्मणों के पास होता था। आर्थिक मोर्चे पर असहयोग के प्रभाव अधिक नाटकीय थे। विदेशी सामानों का बहिष्कार किया गया, शराब की दुकानों पर धरना दिया गया और विदेशी कपड़ों को विशाल अलाव में जलाया गया। 1921 और 1922 के बीच विदेशी कपड़े का आयात आधा हो गया, इसका मूल्य 102 करोड़ रुपये से गिरकर 57 करोड़ रुपये हो गया। कई स्थानों पर, व्यापारियों और व्यापारियों ने विदेशी वस्तुओं का व्यापार करने या विदेशी व्यापार को वित्त देने से इनकार कर दिया। जैसे-जैसे बहिष्कार आंदोलन फैला और लोगों ने आयातित कपड़े त्यागने शुरू किए और केवल भारतीय कपड़े पहनने लगे, भारतीय कपड़ा मिलों और हथकरघों का उत्पादन बढ़ गया। लेकिन शहरों में यह आंदोलन विभिन्न कारणों से धीरे-धीरे धीमा पड़ गया। खादी का कपड़ा अक्सर बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादित मिल के कपड़े की तुलना में अधिक महंगा होता था और गरीब लोग इसे खरीदने का जोखिम नहीं उठा सकते थे। इसी तरह, ब्रिटिश संस्थानों के बहिष्कार ने एक समस्या खड़ी कर दी। आंदोलन के सफल होने के लिए, वैकल्पिक भारतीय संस्थानों की स्थापना की जानी थी, ताकि उन्हें अंग्रेजों के स्थान पर इस्तेमाल किया जा सके। ये ऊपर आने में धीमे थे। इसलिए छात्र और शिक्षक सरकारी स्कूलों में वापस आने लगे, और वकील अदालतों में वापस काम करने लगे। लेकिन शहरों में यह आंदोलन विभिन्न कारणों से धीरे-धीरे धीमा पड़ गया। खादी का कपड़ा अक्सर बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादित मिल के कपड़े की तुलना में अधिक महंगा होता था और गरीब लोग इसे खरीदने का जोखिम नहीं उठा सकते थे। इसी तरह, ब्रिटिश संस्थानों के बहिष्कार ने एक समस्या खड़ी कर दी। आंदोलन के सफल होने के लिए, वैकल्पिक भारतीय संस्थानों की स्थापना की जानी थी, ताकि उन्हें अंग्रेजों के स्थान पर इस्तेमाल किया जा सके। ये ऊपर आने में धीमे थे। इसलिए छात्र और शिक्षक सरकारी स्कूलों में वापस आने लगे, और वकील अदालतों में वापस काम करने लगे। लेकिन शहरों में यह आंदोलन विभिन्न कारणों से धीरे-धीरे धीमा पड़ गया। खादी का कपड़ा अक्सर बड़े पैमाने पर उत्पादित मिल के कपड़े की तुलना में अधिक महंगा होता था और गरीब लोग इसे खरीदने का जोखिम नहीं उठा सकते थे। इसी तरह, ब्रिटिश संस्थानों के बहिष्कार ने एक समस्या खड़ी कर दी। आंदोलन के सफल होने के लिए, वैकल्पिक भारतीय संस्थानों की स्थापना की जानी थी, ताकि उन्हें अंग्रेजों के स्थान पर इस्तेमाल किया जा सके। ये ऊपर आने में धीमे थे। इसलिए छात्र और शिक्षक सरकारी स्कूलों में वापस आने लगे, और वकील अदालतों में वापस काम करने लगे। ये ऊपर आने में धीमे थे। इसलिए छात्र और शिक्षक सरकारी स्कूलों में वापस आने लगे, और वकील अदालतों में वापस काम करने लगे। ये ऊपर आने में धीमे थे। इसलिए छात्र और शिक्षक सरकारी स्कूलों में वापस आने लगे, और वकील अदालतों में वापस काम करने लगे।
किसान और आदिवासी
अवध में, किसानों का नेतृत्व बाबा रामचंद्र कर रहे थे – एक सन्यासी जो पहले एक गिरमिटिया मजदूर के रूप में फिजी गए थे। वहां का आंदोलन तालुकदारों और जमींदारों के खिलाफ था, जो किसानों से अत्यधिक लगान और कई तरह के अन्य उपकरों की मांग करते थे। किसानों को बेगार करनी पड़ती थी और जमींदारों के खेतों में बिना भुगतान के काम करना पड़ता था। किरायेदारों के रूप में, उनके पास पट्टे की भूमि पर कोई अधिकार प्राप्त करने के लिए नियमित रूप से बेदखल होने के कारण, उनके पास कार्यकाल की कोई सुरक्षा नहीं थी। किसान आंदोलन ने राजस्व में कमी, बेगार के उन्मूलन और दमनकारी जमींदारों के सामाजिक बहिष्कार की मांग की। जमींदारों को नाई और धोबी की सेवाओं से वंचित करने के लिए कई जगहों पर पंचायतों द्वारा ‘नाई-धोबी बंद’ का आयोजन किया गया।
जनजातीय किसानों ने महात्मा गांधी के संदेश और स्वराज के विचार की अलग तरह से व्याख्या की। उदाहरण के लिए, आंध्र प्रदेश की गूडेम पहाड़ियों में, 1920 के दशक की शुरुआत में एक उग्रवादी गुरिल्ला आंदोलन फैला – संघर्ष का एक रूप जिसे कांग्रेस स्वीकार नहीं कर सकती थी। अन्य वन क्षेत्रों में, औपनिवेशिक सरकार ने बड़े वन क्षेत्रों को बंद कर दिया था, जिससे लोगों को अपने मवेशियों को चराने या ईंधन की लकड़ी और फलों को इकट्ठा करने के लिए जंगलों में प्रवेश करने से रोका जा सके। इससे पहाड़ी लोग भड़क गए। न केवल उनकी आजीविका प्रभावित हुई, बल्कि उन्हें लगा कि उनके पारंपरिक अधिकारों से वंचित किया जा रहा है। जब सरकार ने उन्हें सड़क निर्माण के लिए बेगार देने के लिए मजबूर करना शुरू किया तो पहाड़ी लोगों ने विद्रोह कर दिया
प्रश्न:-6 नमक यात्रा पर चर्चा कीजिए और स्पष्ट कीजिए कि यह उपनिवेशवाद के विरुद्ध प्रतिरोध का प्रभावी प्रतीक क्यों था।
महात्मा गांधी को नमक में एक शक्तिशाली प्रतीक मिला जो राष्ट्र को एकजुट कर सकता था। 31 जनवरी 1930 को उन्होंने वायसराय इरविन को ग्यारह मांगें बताते हुए एक पत्र भेजा। इनमें से कुछ सामान्य रुचि के थे; अन्य उद्योगपतियों से लेकर किसानों तक विभिन्न वर्गों की विशिष्ट माँगें थीं। विचार यह था कि मांगों को व्यापक बनाया जाए ताकि भारतीय समाज के भीतर सभी वर्ग उनके साथ पहचान बना सकें और सभी को एक संयुक्त अभियान में एक साथ लाया जा सके। सबसे अधिक उत्तेजक नमक कर को समाप्त करने की मांग थी। नमक अमीर और गरीब सभी द्वारा समान रूप से खाया जाता था, और यह आवश्यक खाद्य पदार्थों में से एक था। महात्मा गांधी ने नमक पर कर और उसके उत्पादन पर सरकार के एकाधिकार का खुलासा किया, जो ब्रिटिश शासन का सबसे दमनकारी चेहरा था।
महात्मा गांधी ने अपने 78 विश्वस्त स्वयंसेवकों के साथ अपना प्रसिद्ध नमक मार्च शुरू किया। मार्च साबरमती में गांधीजी के आश्रम से गुजराती तटीय शहर दांडी तक 240 मील से अधिक था। स्वयंसेवक 24 दिनों तक चले, एक दिन में लगभग 10 मील। हजारों लोग महात्मा गांधी को सुनने के लिए आए, जहां भी वे रुके, और उन्होंने उन्हें बताया कि स्वराज से उनका क्या मतलब है और उनसे शांतिपूर्वक अंग्रेजों की अवहेलना करने का आग्रह किया। 6 अप्रैल को, वह दांडी पहुंचे और औपचारिक रूप से कानून का उल्लंघन किया, समुद्री जल को उबालकर नमक का निर्माण किया।
देश के विभिन्न भागों में हजारों लोगों ने नमक कानून तोड़ा, नमक बनाया और सरकारी नमक कारखानों के सामने प्रदर्शन किया। जैसे ही आंदोलन फैला, विदेशी कपड़ों का बहिष्कार किया गया और शराब की दुकानों पर धरना दिया गया। किसानों ने राजस्व और चौकीदार करों का भुगतान करने से इनकार कर दिया, गांव के अधिकारियों ने इस्तीफा दे दिया, और कई जगहों पर वनवासियों ने वन कानूनों का उल्लंघन किया – लकड़ी इकट्ठा करने और मवेशियों को चराने के लिए आरक्षित वनों में जाना।
कक्षा :-10 भारत में राष्ट्रवाद
Practice set :- By Satish Kumar Seth
1) भारत में निम्नलिखित में से कौन सी स्थिति प्रथम विश्व युद्ध का परिणाम थी?
क) जबरन भर्ती के कारण गांवों में व्यापक रोष था।
b) कस्टम ड्यूटी बढ़ा दी गई।
c) आय कर पेश किए गए।
d) उपरोक्त सभी स्थितियाँ प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के परिणामस्वरूप हुईं।
2) 1921 की जनगणना के अनुसार, लाखों लोग __ के कारण मारे गए।
a) महामारी और अकाल
बी) युद्ध
ग) दंगे
घ) उपरोक्त में से कोई नहीं
3) महात्मा गांधी __ में भारत लौटे।
क) जनवरी, 1916
बी) जनवरी, 1915
ग) मार्च, 1921
d) अप्रैल, 1917
4) सत्याग्रह के बारे में निम्नलिखित में से कौन से कथन सत्य हैं?
क) सत्याग्रह कोई भौतिक शक्ति नहीं है।
b) यह कमजोरों का हथियार है।
ग) एक सत्याग्रही विरोधी को पीड़ा नहीं पहुँचाता।
डी) विकल्प (ए) और (सी)
5) रोलेट एक्ट के बारे में निम्नलिखित में से कौन से कथन सत्य हैं?
a) इसने राजनीतिक गतिविधियों को दबाने के लिए सरकारी शक्तियों को नहीं दिया।
b) इसने दो साल तक राजनीतिक कैदियों को बिना मुकदमे के हिरासत में रखने की अनुमति नहीं दी।
c) इसने दो साल तक बिना मुकदमे के राजनीतिक कैदियों को हिरासत में रखने की अनुमति दी।
d) गांधीजी ने 1920 में रोलेट एक्ट के खिलाफ राष्ट्रव्यापी सत्याग्रह शुरू करने का फैसला किया।
6) कुख्यात जलियांवाला बाग नरसंहार उस समय हुआ था जब वार्षिक _ मेला लगता था।
ए) तीयान
बी) गुरुपुरब
ग) लोहड़ी
घ) बैसाखी
7) खिलाफत मुद्दे को उठाने के महात्मा गांधी के फैसले के पीछे मुख्य कारणों में से एक क्या था?
a) हिंदुओं और मुसलमानों के बीच अधिक एकता लाने के लिए।
b) हिंदुओं और ईसाइयों के बीच अधिक एकता लाने के लिए।
c) ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों के बीच अधिक एकता लाने के लिए।
घ) उपरोक्त में से कोई नहीं।
8) हिंद स्वराज (1909) पुस्तक के लेखक कौन थे?
क) भगत सिंह
बी) जवाहरलाल नेहरू
c) सुभाष चंद्र बोस
d) महात्मा गांधी
9) दिसंबर 1920 में __ में कांग्रेस अधिवेशन में, एक समझौता किया गया था, और असहयोग कार्यक्रम को अपनाया गया था।
क) इलाहाबाद
बी) बॉम्बे
ग) नागपुर
घ) कलकत्ता
10) असहयोग आंदोलन के प्रभाव के बारे में निम्नलिखित में से कौन से कथन सत्य हैं?
a) 1921 और 1922 के बीच विदेशी कपड़ों का आयात आधा हो गया।
ख) कई स्थानों पर, व्यापारियों और व्यापारियों ने विदेशी वस्तुओं का व्यापार करने या विदेशी व्यापार को वित्त देने से इनकार कर दिया।
ग) भारतीय कपड़ा मिलों और हथकरघों का उत्पादन बढ़ा।
d) उपरोक्त सभी कथन सत्य हैं।
11) अवध में असहयोग आंदोलन के बारे में निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा कथन असत्य है?
क) यहां का असहयोग आंदोलन तालुकदारों और जमींदारों के खिलाफ था।
b) अवध में किसानों का नेतृत्व बाबा रामचंद्र कर रहे थे।
ग) किरायेदारों के पास कार्यकाल की कोई सुरक्षा नहीं थी।
d) किसानों ने बेगार को समाप्त करने की मांग नहीं की।
12) निम्नलिखित में से किस कारण से आदिवासियों ने अंग्रेजों के खिलाफ विद्रोह किया?
a) जनजातीय लोगों को अपने मवेशियों को चराने के लिए जंगलों में प्रवेश करने से रोका गया
b) जनजातीय लोगों को जलाऊ लकड़ी और फल इकट्ठा करने से रोका गया।
c) जनजातीय लोगों के पारंपरिक अधिकारों से वंचित कर दिया गया।
d) उपरोक्त सभी विकल्प सही हैं।
13) बागान श्रमिकों को _________ के अनुसार बिना अनुमति के चाय बागान छोड़ने की अनुमति नहीं थी।
a) 1859 का अंतर्देशीय उत्प्रवास अधिनियम
b) 1866 का अंतर्देशीय उत्प्रवास अधिनियम
c) 1879 का अंतर्देशीय उत्प्रवास अधिनियम
d) 1869 का अंतर्देशीय उत्प्रवास अधिनियम
14) गांधी ने _________ में असहयोग आंदोलन से हटने का फैसला किया।
a) जनवरी 1922
बी) फरवरी 1922
c) फरवरी 1919
d) जनवरी 1919
15) ______ और _____ ने स्वराज पार्टी का गठन किया।
a) CRDas और मोतीलाल नेहरू
b) मोतीलाल नेहरू और जवाहरलाल नेहरू।
c) जवाहरलाल नेहरू और CRDas
d) जवाहरलाल नेहरू और गांधी
16) साइमन कमीशन ______ में भारत आया।
ए) 1928
बी) 1930
सी) 1932
डी) 1942
17) जवाहरलाल नेहरू की अध्यक्षता में, लाहौर कांग्रेस ने ___________ में भारत के लिए ‘पूर्ण स्वराज’ या पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता की मांग को औपचारिक रूप दिया।
ए) दिसंबर 1929
बी) जनवरी 1929
c) दिसंबर 1930
d) दिसंबर 1928
18) महात्मा गांधी ने अपने प्रसिद्ध नमक मार्च को साबरमती में अपने आश्रम से दांडी तक _______ की दूरी तय करते हुए शुरू किया।
ए) 260 मील
बी) 240 मील
ग) 600 मील
डी) 500 मील
19) महात्मा गांधी _______, 1930 को दांडी पहुंचे।
ए) 6 अप्रैल
बी) 16 अप्रैल
ग) 6 मार्च
डी) 6 मई
20) गांधी-इरविन समझौते पर _______ को हस्ताक्षर किए गए थे।
a) 5 अप्रैल 1932
बी) 5 मार्च 1931
c) 5 मई 1931
d) 5 जून 1932
Class 10th
Nationalism in India
Champaran Satyagrah – 1917:
Champaran Movement was Mahatma Gandhi’s first act of civil disobedience during the struggle for independence, which took place in the Bihar region of Champaran in 1917.Gandhi was persuaded by an indigo farmer, Rajkumar Shukla, to visit Champaran to look into the plight of the farmers, who were subjected to oppressive regulations and high taxes. Under the tinkathia system, they were compelled to grow indigo by the British colonists.Gandhi gathered support from the local farmers and masses to organise nonviolent protests against planters and landlords, and as a result, the government decided to do away with the oppressive tinkathia system. Additionally, the peasants were compensated with a part of the money taken from them.Gandhi organised three protests in Champaran,. a team of eminent lawyers: Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha Ramnavmi Prasad, and others including Acharya Kripalani
Ahmedabad Mil strike :- 1918
- The cotton mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers were involved in a dispute due to discontinuation of plague bonus.
- The owners decided to withdraw the bonus whereas the workers demanded a 50% hike in their wages.
- The strike worsened with owners deciding on to hire weavers from Bombay.
- Anusuya Sarabhai, a social worker approached Gandhi to resolve the issue.
- Gandhi advised the workers to continue with the strike non violently and demand a 35% hike.
- When there was no progress, Gandhi himself went into a hunger strike.
- Finally a tribunal was set up to sort the issue and thus a 35% wage hike was given to the workers.
Kheda Satyagraha:- 1918
- It was the first non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi.
- In 1918, there was a crop failure in the Kheda district of Gujarat.
- As per the Revenue code, farmers were entitled to remission in such cases. But they were forced to pay the Taxes.
- Under the guidance of Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel along with a few Gandhians led the movement against the government.
- The movement was known for the unity and the discipline that was maintained during the struggle.
- Finally the government suspended the tax for that year and returned all the confiscated property.
Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Act – 1919
The Rowlatt act was introduced in March 1919 by the British government.It had the following provisions.political activists to be imprisoned without trialArrest of Indians without warrant on mere suspicion of treason.Acceptance of evidence which is not acceptable under the Indian evidence act and so on.Indians expected advancement in Self rule as a reward for their contribution to British war efforts. Introduction of this repressive act agitated the people against British.An all India level mass protest was launched by Gandhi on April 6, 1919 against the Rowlatt act.Satyagraha was introduced to masses by Gandhi and it assumed a national character.It was the first mass strike and the biggest upsurge against the British since 1857
Khilafat Movement – 1919
It was a movement started by Ali brothers against the unjust of British towards Turkey and to restore the Turkey ruler to his position.The position of congress was unstable and weak. So Gandhi in 1919 approached the Muslims, and had All India Muslim confernce.Under the guidance of Gandhi, a non violent non cooperation movement was launched.With the success of this movement he became the national leader and held a strong position in Congress
Non Cooperation movement :- 1920
Mahatma Gandhi was the main force behind the non-cooperation movement. In March 1920, he issued a manifesto declaring a doctrine of the non-violent non-cooperation movement. Gandhi, through this manifesto, wanted people to:
- Adopt swadeshi principles
- Adopt swadeshi habits including hand spinning & weaving
- Work for the eradication of untouchability from society
Features of the Non Cooperation Moment
The movement was essentially a peaceful and non-violent protest against the British government in India.Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.People were asked to resign from their government jobs.People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.People were asked to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.People were asked to boycott the elections to the legislative councils.People were asked not to serve in the British army.It was also planned that if the above steps did not bring results, people would refuse to pay their taxes.The INC also demanded Swarajya or self-government.Only completely non-violent means would be employed to get the demands fulfilled.The non-cooperation movement was a decisive step in the independence movement because, for the first time, the INC was ready to forego constitutional means to achieve self-rule.Gandhiji had assured that Swaraj would be achieved in a year if this movement was continued to completion.
Causes of Non-Cooperation Movement
Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support.Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government.The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government.The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was one of the Central Powers, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. Muslims regarded Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph (religious head of the Muslims). The Khilafat movement was launched under the leadership of Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. It got the support from Mahatma Gandhi to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British
Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement suspended
Gandhiji called off the movement in February 1922 in the wake of the Chauri Chaura incident.In Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen during a clash between the police and protesters of the movement.Gandhiji called off the movement saying people were not ready for revolt against the government through ahimsa. Several leaders like Motilal Nehru and C R Das were against the suspension of the movement only due to sporadic incidents of violence
The Hindu Vocabulary
Reinstate ( Verb) :- बहाल करना
Synonyms :- Restore, Replace, Bring Back, Re Established, Rehabilitate , Put back, Redintegrare
Antonyms:- Abolish
Volatile ( Adjective) :- अस्थिर
Synonyms:- Variable,Mobile,mutable, interconvertible, soaring, flying, evaporating, evaporous, explosive, irruptive, tense, inflammable, strained, fraught, charged, movable, uneasy , uncomfortable
Antonyms:- Constant, Unchanged, stationary, stable, fix,
Abandon :- त्यागना
Synonyms :- Abjure, Reject, Relinquish, Renounce, Repudiate, Forsake, Forgo, Waive, leave, cast aside, Give up, Disown, Disclaim,
Simple Interest
Questions Based on Simple Interest
Q:- 1. Find the simple interest, when:
(i) Principal = Rs 2000, Rate of Interest = 5% per annum and Time = 5 years.
(ii) Principal = Rs 500, Rate of Interest = 12.5% per annum and Time = 4 years.
(iii) Principal = Rs 4500, Rate of Interest = 4% per annum and Time = 6 months.
(iv) Principal = Rs 12000, Rate of Interest = 18% per annum and Time = 4 months.
(v) Principal = Rs 1000, Rate of Interest = 10% per annum and Time = 73 days.
Solutions:-
(i) Given Principal = Rs 2000, Rate of Interest = 5% per annum and Time = 5 years.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (2000 × 5 × 5)/100
= Rs 500
(ii) Given Principal = Rs 500, Rate of Interest = 12.5% per annum and Time = 4 years.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (500 × 4 × 12.5)/100
= Rs 250
(iii) Given Principal = Rs 4500, Rate of Interest = 4% per annum and Time = 6 months = ½ years
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (4500 × ½ × 4)/100
SI = (4500 × 1 × 4)/100 × 2
= Rs 90
(iv) Given Principal = Rs 12000, Rate of Interest = 18% per annum and Time = 4 months = (4/12) = (1/3) years
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (12000 × (1/3) × 18)/100
SI = (12000 × 1 × 18)/100 × 3
= Rs 720
(v) Given Principal = Rs 1000, Rate of Interest = 10% per annum and
Time = 73 days = (73/365) days
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (1000 × (73/365) × 10)/100
SI = (1000 × 73 × 10)/100 × 365
= Rs 20
2. Find the interest on Rs 500 for a period of 4 years at the rate of 8% per annum. Also, find the amount to be paid at the end of the period
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 500
Time period T = 4 years
Rate of interest R = 8% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (500 × 4 × 8)/100
= Rs 160
Amount = Principal amount + Interest
= Rs 500 + 160
= Rs 660
3. A sum of Rs 400 is lent at the rate of 5% per annum. Find the interest at the end of 2 years.
Solution :-
Given Principal amount P = Rs 400
Time period T = 2 years
Rate of interest R = 5% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (400 × 2 × 5)/100
= Rs 40
4. A sum of Rs 400 is lent for 3 years at the rate of 6% per annum. Find the interest
Solution :- Principal amount P = Rs 400
Time period T = 3 years
Rate of interest R = 6% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (400 × 3 × 6)/100
= Rs 72
5. A person deposits Rs 25000 in a firm who pays an interest at the rate of 20% per annum. Calculate the income he gets from it annually
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 25000
Time period T = 1 year
Rate of interest R = 20% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (25000 × 1 × 20)/100
= Rs 5000
6. A man borrowed Rs 8000 from a bank at 8% per annum. Find the amount he has to pay after 4 ½ years.
Given Principal amount P = Rs 8000
Time period T = 4 ½ years = 9/2 years
Rate of interest R = 8% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (8000 × (9/2) × 8)/100
= Rs 2880
Amount = Principal amount + Interest
= Rs 8000 + 2880
= Rs 10880
7. Rakesh lent out Rs 8000 for 5 years at 15% per annum and borrowed Rs 6000 for 3 years at 12% per annum. How much did he gain or lose?
Given Principal amount P = Rs 8000
Time period T = 5 years
Rate of interest R = 15% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (8000 × 5 × 15)/100
= Rs 6000
Principal amount P = Rs 6000
Time period T = 3 years
Rate of interest R = 12% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (6000 × 3 × 12)/100
= Rs 2160
Amount gained by Rakesh = Rs 6000 − Rs 2160
= Rs 3840
8. Anita deposits Rs 1000 in a savings bank account. The bank pays interest at the rate of 5% per annum. What amount can Anita get after one year
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 1000
Time period T = 1 year
Rate of interest R = 5% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (1000 × 1 × 5)/100
= Rs 50
Total amount paid after 1 year = Principal amount + Interest
= Rs 1000 + Rs 50
= Rs 1050
9. Nalini borrowed Rs 550 from her friend at 8% per annum. She returned the amount after 6 months. How much did she pay
Given Principal amount P = Rs 550
Time period T = ½ year
Rate of interest R = 8% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (550 × ½ × 8)/100
= Rs 22
Total amount paid after ½ year = Principal amount + Interest
= Rs 550 + Rs 22
= Rs 572
10. Rohit borrowed Rs 60000 from a bank at 9% per annum for 2 years. He lent this sum of money to Rohan at 10% per annum for 2 years. How much did Rohit earn from this transaction?
Given Principal amount P = Rs 60000
Time period T = 2 years
Rate of interest R = 10% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (60000 × 2 × 10)/100
= Rs 12000
Principal amount P = Rs 60000
Time period T = 2 years
Rate of interest R = 9% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (60000 × 2 × 9)/100
= Rs 10800
Amount gained by Rohit = Rs 12000 − Rs 10800 = 1200
11. Romesh borrowed Rs 2000 at 2% per annum and Rs 1000 at 5% per annum. He cleared his debt after 2 years by giving Rs 2800 and a watch. What is the cost of the watch?
Given Principal amount P = Rs 2000
Time period T = 2 years
Rate of interest R = 2% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (2000 × 2 × 2)/100
= Rs 80
Principal amount P = Rs 1000
Time period T = 2 years
Rate of interest R = 5% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (1000 × 2 × 5)/100
= Rs 100
Total amount that he will have to return = Rs. 2000 + 1000 + 80 + 100 = Rs. 3180
Amount repaid = Rs. 2800
Value of the watch = Rs. 3180 – 2800 = Rs. 380
12. Mr Garg lent Rs 15000 to his friend. He charged 15% per annum on Rs 12500 and 18% on the rest. How much interest does he earn in 3 years?
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 12500
Time period T = 3 years
Rate of interest R = 15% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (12500 × 3 × 15)/100
= Rs 5625
Rest of the amount lent = Rs 15000 − Rs 12500 = Rs 2500
Rate of interest = 18 % p.a.
Time period = 3 years
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (2500 × 3 × 18)/100
= Rs 1350
Total interest earned = Rs 5625 + Rs 1350 = Rs 6975
13. Shikha deposited Rs 2000 in a bank which pays 6% simple interest. She withdrew Rs 700 at the end of first year. What will be her balance after 3 years?
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 2000
Time period T = 1 year
Rate of interest R = 6% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (2000 × 1 × 6)/100
= Rs 120
So amount after 1 year = Principal amount + Interest = 2000 + 120 = Rs 2120
after 1 year, amount withdrawn = Rs 700
Principal amount left = Rs 2120 − Rs 700 = Rs 1420
Time period = 2 years
Rate of interest = 6% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (1420 × 2 × 6)/100
Interest after two years = Rs 170.40
Total amount after 3 years = Rs 1420 + Rs 170.40 = Rs 1590.40
14. Reema took a loan of Rs 8000 from a money lender, who charged interest at the rate of 18% per annum. After 2 years, Reema paid him Rs 10400 and wrist watch to clear the debt. What is the price of the watch?
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 8000
Time period T = 2 years
Rate of interest R = 18% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (8000 × 2 × 18)/100
= Rs 2880
Total amount payable by Reema after 2 years = Rs 8,000 + Rs 2,880
= Rs 10,880
Amount paid = Rs 10,400
Value of the watch = Rs 10,880 − Rs 10,400 = Rs 480
15. Mr Sharma deposited Rs 20000 as a fixed deposit in a bank at 10% per annual. If 30% is deducted as income tax on the interest earned, find his annual income.
Solution:
Given Principal amount P = Rs 20000
Time period T = 1 year
Rate of interest R = 10% p.a.
We know that simple interest = (P × T × R)/100
On substituting these values in above equation we get
SI = (20000 × 1 × 10)/100
= Rs 2000
Amount deducted as income tax = 30% of 2000 = (30 × 2000)/100
= Rs 600
Annual interest after tax deduction = Rs 2,000 − Rs 600 = Rs 1,400
Chapter Sound
Sound :- sound is a form of Energy that is produced by producing vibrations of an object.
1.Sound Cannot Move through Vacuum
2. Sound Waves are Longitudinal Waves
Introduction to Sound
Introduction to waves
The sound is produced by vibrating objects.They travel from one place to another in the form of waves. Hence, the name sound waves.
Wave and particle motion of waves
Mechanical waves are waves that travel through a material medium.
It is of two types: depending on the direction of motion of the particle of the medium and the wave propagation:
Transverse waves
Particle motion is to perpendicular the direction of wave motion.This type of wave is a mechanical wave called a transverse wave. E.g.: Light, or even Mexican wave in a stadium
Longitudinal waves
When the particles of the medium travel parallel to the direction of the wave motion by means of successive compression or rarefaction.It is also a mechanical wave.Example: a slinky
Sound Properties
Introduction to sound waves
Sound needs a medium to propagate. The matter or material through which sounds propagates is called a medium.
– Sound cannot travel in a vacuum. The moon does not have an atmosphere, hence, you can hear on the moon.
Sound can travel through Solid , Liquid or Gas
Solids have tightly packed particles in them and hence they allow fast propagation of sound through them as the vibrations can be carried easily from one particle to another.
Liquids have slightly loosely packed particles and hence it takes a little time for sound to travel in water or through a liquid.
Gases have completely loosely packed particles and hence sound takes the most time in travelling through the air.
Sounds by Humans
How do humans produce sound?
The sound produced in the voice box called larynx located at the upper end of the windpipe.2 vocal cords get stretched across in the voice box. Has a slit, through which air is forced out by the lungs.Muscles attached to vocal cords make it tight or loose.
Hearing
Human ear
Outer ear = pinna: collects sound from the surroundings.Sound passes through a tube called an auditory canal.Eardrum (tympanic membrane) → vibrates when the sound incident.Vibrations are sent to the inner ear, from there it goes to the brain as signals via the auditory nerve.
Noise level of 85 dB can damage the human ear.
Frequency:-
Frequency is measured number of oscillations per second.
It is measure in Hertz( Hz)
Amplitude:-
The number of molecules that a sound waves displace from mean position creates the amplitude of a medium.
The loudness of a sound
The loudness of a sound depends upon the amplitude of the sound.
The higher the amplitude, the higher is the displacement of the particles and the higher is the loudness of the sound.
The loudness of the sound is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude.
The SI unit for measuring the loudness of a sound in decibels (dB).
Pitch of the sound
Every person has a different sound quality.
Also, every musical instrument vibrates to produce a different kind of sound. This quality of sound is characterized by its Different quality of sounds may have same pitch and loudness.
The pitch of a sound depends upon the frequency of the sound wave.
The pitch would be higher if the frequency of the sound is high.
Sounds that can be heard by human ears are called audible sounds. The range of audible sounds is from 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
Sounds that cannot be heard by human ears are called inaudible sound. Any sounds having a frequency less than 20 Hz or greater than 20 KHz are categorized as inaudible sounds
Infrasound
The sounds having a frequency range below 20 hertz are called infrasound.
Infrasound cannot be heard by humans.
Animals like giraffe, rhinoceros and whales use infrasound to communicate.
Ultrasound
The sound waves having a frequency range above 20 kilohertz are called ultrasounds
Having too high frequency, they cannot be heard by human beings as well
Bats, dogs and cats use ultrasounds to communicate.
Ultrasounds can be used for various purposes such as identifying abnormalities in the human body or calculating distances under the water through SONAR
Thank you
Satish Kumar Seth
Education and World Affair 